2016年1月9日 星期六

言語產生之呼吸系統解剖speech production & anatomical structures of external respiration

Speech Science

Speech production (Anatomy & Physiology)
˙Anatomy: the study of the structure of organisms and the relations of their parts

  the anatomy position
   Anterior-posterior/ ventral-dorsal / cranial-caudal / medial-lateral/
   proximal-distal / superficial-deep/ abduction-adduction/ extension-flexio

  the anatomy planes
   (1)Frontal (coronal/vertical/longitudinal)-前後
   (2)Horizontal (transverse/cross-section)-上下
   (3)Sagittal (vertical/longitudinal)-左右

˙Physiology: how thing moves or functions
  -position achieve / movement procedure / aerodynamic (air pressure & airflow)
  -EMG: electro-myo-graohic(測量肌肉的改變) / force


Respiratory system 

Anatomical Structures of External Respiration
˙the airwayàlarynx, trachea & lungs
˙the framework for breathing mechanismàvertebral, rib cage & pelvis
˙muscles of respiration


(1)   Trachea (11-12 cm long / 20 horseshoe-shaped cartilaginous rings)
 -beneath cricoid & above bifurcates
 -6th cervical vertibra to 5th thoracic vertibra
 -each ring flattened posteriorly, contact w/ esophagus
 -space between the ends of tracheal rings consist of fibrous membrane & smooth muscle
 -fibrous membrane blend to form intratracheal membrane connect trachea ring

 -provides rigidity, flexibility & mobility

(2)   Bronchi-the bronchi tree
-Bronchi---main bronchi---secondary bronchi 
-tertiary bronchi---bronchioles
-terminal bronchioles    
-alveolar ducts---alveolar air sacs
            
 interface w/ blood capillaries(微血管)
            diffusion
  exchange O2 & CO2

(3)   Lungs (left:2/ right:3/)
 -cone-shaped, spongy, light
 -elastic material, but few muscle fibers:  擴大/縮小時有1/3是肺本身的彈力
 Alveoli (肺泡)
 ˙air-liquid interface over the alveoli lining
 ˙surface tension(表面張力)-防止肺無限擴張 & 2/3肺彈力
   -attraction of molecules for each other at interface
   -alveoli constantly to shorten & to resist stretching
   -type II alveolar cells (pulmonary surfactant) on alveolar surface decrease surface tension
 The pleurae (肋膜)friction-free lung & thoracic surfaces & protective capacity
  mechanisms
     ˙lungs collapse & pull  away from thoracic walls
     ˙links lungs to thoracic walls  (rest: -3~-4 mmHg  inspiration:-9 ~-12mmHg)
     ˙liquids in intrapleural space(friction-free surface) 


                                   picture source: http://teachmeanatomy.info/thorax/organs/pleurae/

(4)   Thoracic cage/Rib cage (12 pairs ribs & movement of the ribs in inhalation)
  -vertebrae(脊椎) by gliding joint
  -sternum(胸骨) by synovial joint
    the 1~ 7 pairs of ribs
    the 8~10th (連接上面的軟骨,未直接連sternum)
    the 11th & 12th are free(只接vertebrae 彈性更大)

 increases thoracic cavity in 3 dimensions
  -vertical dimension: contraction of diaphragm
  -transverse diameter: raising & outward rotation of ribs(predominant lower ribs)
  -anteroposterior diameter: forward & upward movement of the sternum (predominant upper ribs)

(5)   Muscles of respiration
n  the diaphragm
n  the intercostal muscles
-external intercostals (由下而上, 近胸骨無)
-internal intercostals (近椎骨無)
-subcostals (intracostals)

n  muscles of the thorax

anterior
 -pectoralis major
       -pectoralis minor
       -subclavius
       -serratus anterior (magnum)
 -transversus thoracis

posterior
       -latissimus (闊背肌)
       -serratus posterior superior
       -serratus posterior inferior
       -levatores costarum
       -quadratus lumborum (方腰肌)
       -trapezius (斜方肌)
       -rhomboids (菱形肌)
       -levator scapulae(肩舺提肌)                Picture resource:  http://slideplayer.com/slide/5955638/
       -erector spinae (脊椎直肌)
       -transversospinalis muscles


n  muscles of the neck  
 1. sternocleidomastoid
  2. scalene muscles (斜角肌)
  -anterior scalene (3-6cervical~1st rib)
  -middle scalene (2-7cervical~1st rib)
  -posterior scalene (倒數3cervical~2st rib)


                                                                                  


n  abdominal musculatures
   1.external oblique
     2.internal oblique
     3.transverses abdominis
     4.rectus abdominis(腹直肌)










                     Picture resource: http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~uzwiak/AnatPhys/APFallLect14.html


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